Table 2 Detailed classification of anorectal malformations (ARM)

Imperforate anus with recto-urethral fistula

◦ Recto-urethral bulbar fistula

◦ Recto-urethral prostatic fistula

◦ Bladderneck fistula

Imperforate anus in female

◦ Recto-vestibular fistula

◦ Recto-vaginal fistula

◦ Cloacal malformation

Non-syndromic ARM without fistula

Imperforate anus without fistula

Complex ARM

◦ Cloacal malformations with a short common channel (< 3 cm)

◦ Cloacal malformations with a long common channel (> 3 cm)

◦ H-shaped fistula (recto-vaginal)

◦ Rectal duplication

Syndromic ARM

VACTERL (Vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac malformations, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, and limb anomalies)

MURCS (Mullerian duct aplasia, renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia)

OEIS (Omphalocele, exstrophy, imperforate anus, and spinal defects)

Axial mesodermal dysplasia

Klippel-Feil syndrome

Sirenomelia-caudal regression

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 13

Trisomy 18

Pallister-Killian syndrome

Cat-eye syndrome

Parental unidisomy 16

Deletion 22q11 syndrome (del22q11.2)

Currarino syndrome

Pallister-Hall syndrome

Townes-Brock syndrome

Ulnar-mammary syndrome

Okihiro syndrome

Rieger syndrome

Thanatophoric dwarfism

Hirschsprung disease

Feingold syndrome

Kabuki syndrome

Optitz BBB/G syndrome

Johanson-Blizzard syndrome

Spondylocostal dysostosis

Short rib – polydactyly syndrome

Baller-Gerold syndrome

Ciliopathies

Fraser syndrome

Lowe syndrome

Heterotaxia

FG syndrome

X-linked mental retardation

MIDAS syndrome

Christian syndrome