Table 1 Overview of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (listed alphabetically by the first author)
Study, year, country | Study design/time/data source/case ascertainment | Samplea size | Exposure | Exposure definition | Exposure assessment | Window of exposure | Measures of effect (95% CI) | Adjusted variables | NOS scoreb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Draper et al. [46] United Kingdom | Multicentre Case–Control (matched by maternal age, place of delivery, residence)/2001–2003/regional congenital anomalies registries/LB | 144 Gastroschisis cases; 432 controls | Aspirin | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Aspirin use aOR 20.4 (2.2–191.5) | Maternal age, BMI, marital status, aspirin use, smoking, recreational drug use, vasoconstrictive recreational drug use, gynecologic infection/disease, homeowner | 9 |
Feldkamp et al. [67] United States | Multicentre Case–control/1997–2004/birth defects surveillance systems, birth certificates or hospitals birth logs (NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 11,610 cases; 4500 controls Gastroschisis cases:531 | Acetaminophen | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | First trimester | Acetaminophen use aOR 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | Maternal age, BMI education, gestational diabetes, fever, smoking, folic acid use, race/ethnicity, parity | 8 |
Freitas et al. [68] Brasil | Case–control (matched by maternal age, preconception BMI and gestational age)/2013–2015/ ultrasound scan/LB | 57 Gastroschisis cases; 114 controls | Any medication Oral contraceptives | Use, non-use | Questionnaire | One month before to third months after conception | Any Medications aOR 1.47 (0.77–2.78) Oral contraceptives aOR 1.47 (0.67–3.25) | Maternal age, preconception BMI, gestational age | 6 |
Given et al. [69] Europe | Multicentre Case–control/1995–2012/EUROmediCAT registries/LB, SB, ET | 1587 Gastroschisis cases; 153,357 controls | See the original article | Use, non-use | Registries, maternity records, medical prescriptions, maternal interviews | First trimester of pregnancy | See the original article for a reproduction of the original results table | Maternal age, registry, time period | 6 |
Goodman et al. [70] United States | Case–control (matched for maternal age and race/ethnicity)/2010–2012/ultrasound scan/LB | 31Gastroschisis cases; 76 controls | Oral contraceptive Over the counter (OTC) Aspirin Ibuprofen | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | One month before to or during pregnancy | Oral contraceptive aOR 0.83 (0.29–2.85) Any OTC aOR 1.02 (0.34–3.39) Aspirin aOR 0.63 (0.01–6.84) Ibuprofen aOR 1.25 (0.36–3.91) | Maternal age, race/ethnicity, registry, time period, insurance, education, low BMI, nulliparity | 6 |
Mac Bird et al. [15] United States | Multicentre Case–control/ 1997–2003/birth defects surveillance system, birth certificates or hospital discharge records/(NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 653 cases; 4967 controls Gastroschisis cases:485 | Aspirin Ibuprofen Acetaminophen Pseudoephedrine | Use, non-use | Computer-assisted telephone interviews | One month before conception through 3 months postconception | Aspirin aOR 1.25 (0.77–2.05) Ibuprofen aOR 1.61 (1.23–2.10) Acetaminophen aOR 0.93 (0.72–1.19) Pseudoephedrine aOR 1.00 (0.66–1.51) | Maternal age, race/ethnicity, BMI, sex alcohol, smoking, drug, parity, family income, aspirin,, pre-existing gestational diabetes pseudoephedrine, ibuprofen, naproxen acetaminophen, study center, folic acid use, | 8 |
Martinez-Frias et al. [71] Spain | Case–control (matched by sex and birth hospital)/1976–1996/Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) hospital-based and surveillance system/LB | 45 Gastroschisis cases; 690 controls | Salicylates | Use, non-use | Questionnaire | First trimester | 45 GS cases and 44 paired controls aOR 2.63 (0.41–20.87) 45 GS cases and 690 controls aOR 3.47 (1.27–9.49) | Maternal age, smoking | 6 |
Raitio et al. [72] Finland | Case–control (matched by maternal age, residence and time of conception)/2004–2014/Finnish Register of congenital Malformations, Medical birth registry, Register of Induced abortions and the Care Register of Health Care/LB | 188 Gastroschisis cases; 919 controls | Pseudoephedrine Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) | Use, non-use | Register of Reimbursed Drug Purchases | First trimester | Pseudoephedrine aOR 10.0 (0.91–110) NSAIDs aOR 0.72 (0.38–1.39) | Maternal age, residence, time of conception | 6 |
Rebordosa et al. [73] Denmark | Cohort study/1996–2003/Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC) | 88,142 liveborn singletons Gastroschisis cases:12 | Acetaminophen use | Exposed: use of drugs containing acetaminophen at least once No exposed: no exposure to acetaminophen | Computer-assisted follow-up telephone interviews self-administered questionnaire at enrollment | First trimester | Acetaminophen aHR 0.91 (0.55–4.09) | Mother’s age, birth year, birth order, child’s gender, history of chronic diseases | 7 |
Robledo-Aceves et al. [74] Mexico | Case–control (matched for gender)/2009–2013/Centro de Registro y Investigación sobre AnomalÃas Congénitas (CRIAC), hospital-based active birth defect monitoring program/LB | 90 Gastroschisis cases; 180 controls | Paracetamol Aspirin Ibuprofen Hormonal contraceptives | Use, non-use | Mother Interview | First trimester | Paracetamol aOR 0.7 (0.3–1.4) Aspirin aOR 8.6 (0.8–89.1) Ibuprofen aOR 0.2 (0.0–2.1) Hormonal contraceptives aOR 3.7 (1.0–13.0) | Maternal age, alcohol consumption, anemia during pregnancy, pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, first-trimester tobacco smoking, and passive tobacco smoking | 6 |
Torfs et al. [75] United States | Multicentre Case–control (matched by maternal age)/1988–1990/ California Birth Defects Monitoring Program registry (CBDMP), birth records of the California Department of Vital Statistics/LB | 110 Gastroschisis cases; 220 controls | Vasoconstrictors Aspirin Ibuprofen Decongestants Acetaminophen Pseudoephedrine Phenylpropanolamine Aspirin or Ibuprofen | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Aspirin or Ibuprofen aOR 4.55 (1.40–14.73) Decongestants aOR 2.37 (0.76–7.38) Aspirin aOR 4.67 (1.21–18.05) Ibuprofen aOR 4.0 (1.00–15.99) Acetaminophen aOR 1.0 (0.59–1.69) Pseudoephedrine aOR 2.10 (0.80–-5.49) Phenylpropanolamine aOR 10.0 (1.17–85.59) | Maternal age | 7 |
Waller et al. [76] United States | Multicentre Case–control/ 1997–2003/birth defects surveillance systems, birth certificates or hospitals birth logs (NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 9986 cases; 4000 controls Gastroschisis cases:447 | Oral contraceptives | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | Three months before conception and during the first trimester | Last Used 2–3 Months Before Conception aOR 1.08 (0.71–1.63) Last Used 1 Month Before Conception aOR 1.19 (0.77–1.84) Used in First 3 Months aOR 1.82 (1.25–2.67) | Maternal age | 7 |
Werler et al. [77] United States | Multicentre Case–control/ 1997–2011/birth defects surveillance systems, birth certificates or hospitals birth logs (NBDPS)/LB, SB, ET | 1261 Gastroschisis cases; 10,682 controls | Aspirin Ibuprofen Oral contraceptives | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | One month before conception through the third month of pregnancy | Aspirin aOR 1.1 (0.9–1.5) Ibuprofen aOR 1.4 (1.2–1.6) Oral contraceptives aOR 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | Maternal age, fever, injury, genitourinary infection, anti-herpetic use, alcohol, smoking, illicit drug use, bronchodilator use, contraceptive use, opioid use, inter-pregnancy interval of less than 12 months, residential move, venlafaxine, aspirin, paroxetine, ibuprofen use | 7 |
Werler et al. [14] United States | Multicentre Case–control (matched by age and state of residence)/1997–2003/birth defects surveillance system, birth certificates or birth hospitals | 514 Gastroschisis cases; 3277 controls | NSAIDs Decongestants Aspirin | Use, non-use | Computer assisted telephone interview | Two weeks before through 14 weeks after the last menstrual period | NSAIDs aOR 1.4 (1.1–1.7) Decongestants aOR 1.0 (0.7–1.4) Aspirin aOR 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | Maternal age, state of residence by stratification and for race/ethnicity, BMI, education, alcohol use, oral contraceptive use, folic acid use | 7 |
Werler et al. [78] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control (matched by age)/1995–1999/medical records of 29 tertiary centre hospitals/LB | 332 cases; 797 controls Gastroschisis cases:20 | Vasoconstrictive Drugs | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First 10 weeks of gestation | Vasoconstrictive Drugs aOR 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | Maternal age, drug use, alcohol use, education, smoking, income, use of acetaminophen, aspirin, antihistamines, marijuana nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, guaifenesin | 5 |
Werler et al. [79] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control (matched by age)/1995–1999/medical records of 29 tertiary centre hospitals/LB | 332 cases; 798 controls Gastroschisis cases: 206 | Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen, | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Pseudoephedrine aOR 1.8 (1.0–3.2) Phenylpropanolamine aOR 1.2 (0.5–3.1) Aspirin aOR 2.7 (1.2–5.9) Ibuprofen aOR 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | Maternal age, education, income, medication use, illness, illicit drug use, and cigarette smoking | 6 |
Werler et al. [80] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control/1976–1990/Slone Epidemiology Unit Birth Defect Study (BDS), hospital records/LB | 76 Gastroschisis cases; 2142 controls | Salicylates Ibuprofen, Acetaminophen Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine Contraceptives | Use, non-use | Maternal interview | First trimester | Salicylates aRR 1.6 (0.9–2.7) Ibuprofen aRR 1.3 (0.4–3.7) Acetaminophen aRR 1.7 (1.0–2.9) Pseudoephedrine aRR 3.2 (1.3–7.7) Phenylpropanolamine aRR 1.5 (0.4–5.4) Contraceptives oral aOR 1.3 (0.5–3.5) Spermicides aOR 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | Maternal age, years of education, alcohol, each of the study medications, influenza, interview year, study center | 6 |
Yau et al. [81] United States, Canada | Multicentre Case–control/1993–2010/Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study (BDS)/LB | 12,734 cases; 7606 controls Gastroschisis cases:258 | Intranasal decongestant only Imidazoline derivates only Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine oxymetazoline, xylometazoline | Unexposed; Likely exposed; Possibly exposed in a given trimester; Exposed only outside a given trimester | Maternal interview | First trimester | Oral Decongestants aOR 1.7 (1.0–2.9) Pseudoephedrine aOR 1.5 (0.8–2.8) | Maternal age, smoking prepregnancy weight, educational level | 7 |