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Table 5 Presumably neutral missense variants

From: Complete exon sequencing of all known Usher syndrome genes greatly improves molecular diagnosis

Gene

Nucleotide change

Exon

Amino acid change

Frequency in

USH alleles

(×/108)

Frequency in

control alleles

References

MYO7A

      
 

47T>C

3

L16S

>10

 

[58]

 

905G>A

9

R302H

2

1/494

[78]

 

4996A>T

36

S1666C

>10

 

U39226

 

5156A>G

37

Y1719C*

3

2/306

[91]

 

5860C>A

43

L1954I

>10

 

U39226

USH1C

      
 

2192G>A

21

R731Q

1

 

This study

 

2457G>C

24

E819D

>10

 

[92]

CDH23

      
 

7C>T

1

R3C

>10

 

[55]

 

1469G>C

14

G490A

>10

 

[55]

 

1487G>A

14

S496N

>10

 

[55]

 

3625A>G

30

T1209A*

1

5/486

[55]

 

3664G>A

30

A1222T

4

 

[55]

 

4051G>A

31

D1351N

>10

 

[55]

 

4310G>A

34

R1437Q

6

 

[55]

 

4723A>G

37

T1575A

>10

 

[55]

 

4858G>A

38

V1620M

1

2/306

[55]

 

5023G>A

38

V1675I

>10

 

[55]

 

5411G>A

41

R1804Q

>10

 

[55]

 

5418C>G

41

D1806E

2

 

[93]

 

5692G>A

42

A1898T

1

0/306

This study

 

5996C>G

45

T1999S

>10

 

[55]

 

6130G>A

46

E2044K

>10

 

[55]

 

6197G>A

46

R2066Q

1

0/306

[55]

 

6329C>T

47

A2110V

1

 

This study

 

6596T>A

47

I2199N

1

0/306

This study

 

6809G>A

48

R2270H

1

 

This study

 

6847G>A

49

V2283I

6

 

[55]

 

6869C>T

49

T2290M

1

0/306

This study

 

7073G>A

50

R2358Q

>10

 

[55]

 

7139C>T

50

P2380L

>10

 

[55]

 

7762G>C

54

E2588Q

1

1/306

[55]

 

9049G>A

61

D3017N

1

 

This study

 

9373T>C

65

F3125L

1

7/306

[56]

 

9949G>A

69

A3317T

1

1/306

This study

PCDH15

      
 

55T>G

2

S19A

>10

 

[94]

 

1039C>T

10

L347F

1

3/666

This study

 

1138G>A

11

G380S

>10

 

This study

 

1304A>C

11

D435A

>10

 

AL834134

 

1910A>G

15

N637S

2

 

[92]

 

2786G>A

21

R929Q

>10

 

AL834134

 

4850A>G

34§

N1617S

2

 

This study

 

4853A>C

36§

E1618A

>10

 

This study

 

4982A>C

37§

Q1661P

>10

 

This study

USH2A

      
 

373G>A

2

A125T

>10

 

[95]

 

1434G>C

8

E478D

3

 

[95]

 

1663C>G

10

L555V*

1

0/306

[96]

 

1931A>T

11

D644V

>10

 

[95]

 

4457G>A

21

R1486K

>10

 

AF055580

 

4994T>C

25

I1665T

>10

 

[89]

 

6317T>C

32

I2106T

>10

 

[89]

 

6506T>C

34

I2169T

>10

 

[89]

 

6713A>C

35

E2238A

6

5/306

[89]

 

6875G>A

36

R2292H

4

 

[28]

 

8624G>A

43

R2875Q

4

 

[89]

 

8656C>T

43

L2886F

4

 

[89]

 

9008T>C

45

V3003A

1

 

This study

 

9262G>A

47

E3088K*

1

3/306

[28]

 

9296A>G

47

N3099S

4

 

[89]

 

9343A>G

47

T3115A

3

5/306

[28]

 

9430G>A

48

D3144N

4

 

[89]

 

9595A>G

49

N3199D

6

 

[28]

 

10232A>C

52

E3411A

>10

 

[89]

 

11504C>T

59

T3835I

>10

 

[28]

 

11602A>G

60

M3868V

>10

 

[89]

 

11677C>A

60

P3893T*

1

1/306

[28]

 

15091C>T

70

R5031W

2

2/306

[28]

 

15377T>C

71

I5126T*

3

2/306

[87]

VLGR1

      
 

365C>T

4

S122L

>10

 

This study

 

P194H

6

P194H

1

5/468

This study

 

1033C>A

7

Q345K

1

 

This study

 

2261T>C

12

V754A

1

0/306

This study

 

3289G>A

17

G1097S

1

3/478

This study

 

3482C>G

19

S1161C

1

0/306

This study

 

4939A>G

23

I1647V

>10

 

This study

 

5780C>T

28

T1927M

>10

 

[11]

 

5851G>A

28

V1951I

>10

 

[11]

 

5953A>G

28

N1985D

>10

 

[11]

 

5960C>T

28

P1987L

>10

 

[11]

 

6012G>T

28

L2004F

>10

 

[11]

 

6695A>G

30

Y2232C

>10

 

[11]

 

7034A>G

32

N2345S

>10

 

[11]

 

7582C>T

33

P2528S

1

1/306

This study

 

7751A>G

33

N2584S

>10

 

[97]

 

8291C>T

36

S2764L

6

 

[11]

 

8407G>A

37

A2803T

4

 

[11]

 

9280G>A

43

V3094I

>10

 

This study

 

9743G>A

45

G3248D

>10

 

[11]

 

9650C>T

45

A3217V

2

 

[11]

 

10411G>A

49

E3471K

>10

 

[97]

 

10429G>T

50

D3477Y

1

 

This study

 

10490A>G

50

Q3497R

1

 

This study

 

10577T>C

51

M3526T

3

 

This study

 

10936T>C

52

S3646P

3

 

This study

 

11599G>A

56

E3867K

>10

 

This study

 

12269C>A

59

T4090N

2

 

This study

 

14029T>C

69

F4677L

1

2/478

This study

 

14905T>C

73

W4969R

2

 

This study

 

17626G>A

82

V5876I

>10

 

This study

 

18475A>G

88

M6159V

2

 

This study

WHRN

      
 

229A>T

1

T77S

1

1/468

[98]

 

979C>A

4

L327I

1

 

This study

 

1318G>A

6

A440T

>10

 

[99]

 

1838T>C

9

M613T

>10

 

This study

 

2348T>C

10

V783A

>10

 

[99]

 

2388C>A

10

N796K

>10

 

[99]

  1. Novel mutations are in bold. * Mutations considered pathogenic by prediction Software, but excluded by segregation studies. § Exons 34, 36 and 37 are specific to isoforms CD1, CD2 and CD3, respectively.
  2. The pathogenicity of several exonic variants found in our patients and predicted to be pathogenic in previous studies and/or by prediction software was further investigated. The p.T1209A missense mutation in CDH23 has previously been reported in two affected families and considered as pathogenic [55, 58]. However, we found it in five of 486 control alleles from French and Maghreban populations. The p.Y1719C missense mutation in MYO7A seems to represent a frequent sequence variant in the Moroccan population, with an estimated carrier frequency of 0.07 [100], and was observed in three out of 306 control alleles. The p.R302H mutation in MYO7A, which affects a residue within a non-conserved region of the motor domain, was detected in one out of 494 control alleles. Moreover, two of five different MYO7A cDNA clones isolated from three independent libraries were found to encode a histidine residue at codon position 302 [101], which further argues in favor of a non-pathogenic sequence variant. The p.E3088K missense mutation in USH2A, previously described by Dreyer et al., was present in three out of 306 control alleles, which argues in favor of a non-pathogenic sequence variant [26, 28]. The missense mutation p.I5126T in USH2A has been reported as likely pathogenic [87]. We found it in two USH1 patients, who in addition carried two pathogenic mutations in MYO7A. We detected it in two individuals from the French control population, suggesting that it is a non-pathogenic sequence variant. The p.L555V mutation in USH2A has been found in homozygous state in one Spanish patient, together with a biallelic splice site variant (c.1841-2A>G) [26]. Numerous, presumably neutral, isocoding and intronic variants were also observed (listed in Additional file 2Table S1).